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排序方式: 共有83条查询结果,搜索用时 796 毫秒
51.
Christoph R. Englert John M. Harlander Charles M. Brown Kenneth D. Marr Ian J. Miller J. Eloise Stump Jed Hancock James Q. Peterson Jay Kumler William H. Morrow Thomas A. Mooney Scott Ellis Stephen B. Mende Stewart E. Harris Michael H. Stevens Jonathan J. Makela Brian J. Harding Thomas J. Immel 《Space Science Reviews》2017,212(1-2):553-584
The Michelson Interferometer for Global High-resolution Thermospheric Imaging (MIGHTI) instrument was built for launch and operation on the NASA Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) mission. The instrument was designed to measure thermospheric horizontal wind velocity profiles and thermospheric temperature in altitude regions between 90 km and 300 km, during day and night. For the wind measurements it uses two perpendicular fields of view pointed at the Earth’s limb, observing the Doppler shift of the atomic oxygen red and green lines at 630.0 nm and 557.7 nm wavelength. The wavelength shift is measured using field-widened, temperature compensated Doppler Asymmetric Spatial Heterodyne (DASH) spectrometers, employing low order échelle gratings operating at two different orders for the different atmospheric lines. The temperature measurement is accomplished by a multichannel photometric measurement of the spectral shape of the molecular oxygen A-band around 762 nm wavelength. For each field of view, the signals of the two oxygen lines and the A-band are detected on different regions of a single, cooled, frame transfer charge coupled device (CCD) detector. On-board calibration sources are used to periodically quantify thermal drifts, simultaneously with observing the atmosphere. The MIGHTI requirements, the resulting instrument design and the calibration are described. 相似文献
52.
The last universal common ancestor of contemporary biology (LUCA) used a precise set of 20 amino acids as a standard alphabet with which to build genetically encoded protein polymers. Considerable evidence indicates that some of these amino acids were present through nonbiological syntheses prior to the origin of life, while the rest evolved as inventions of early metabolism. However, the same evidence indicates that many alternatives were also available, which highlights the question: what factors led biological evolution on our planet to define its standard alphabet? One possibility is that natural selection favored a set of amino acids that exhibits clear, nonrandom properties-a set of especially useful building blocks. However, previous analysis that tested whether the standard alphabet comprises amino acids with unusually high variance in size, charge, and hydrophobicity (properties that govern what protein structures and functions can be constructed) failed to clearly distinguish evolution's choice from a sample of randomly chosen alternatives. Here, we demonstrate unambiguous support for a refined hypothesis: that an optimal set of amino acids would spread evenly across a broad range of values for each fundamental property. Specifically, we show that the standard set of 20 amino acids represents the possible spectra of size, charge, and hydrophobicity more broadly and more evenly than can be explained by chance alone. 相似文献
53.
Dominik Quantius Daniel Schubert Volker Maiwald Rosa París Lopéz Jens Hauslage Wolfgang Seboldt Ondrej Doule Irene Lia Schlacht Stephen Ransom 《Acta Astronautica》2014
An effective and self-sustainable artificial habitat design is essential for human spaceflight and expansion of mankind into orbit or towards other celestial bodies. There are two approaches that need to be implemented in future sustainable habitats: the use of re-cycling technologies in order to gain experience in closed-loop processes and the primary production of resource materials using In Situ Resource Utilisation (ISRU) principles. Various products will be provided and, where applicable, recycled in such a system taking into account basic human factors requirements such as crew work load capacity, safety and well-being, namely: 相似文献
54.
David L. Huestis Stephen W. Bougher Jane L. Fox Marina Galand Robert E. Johnson Julianne I. Moses Juliet C. Pickering 《Space Science Reviews》2008,139(1-4):63-105
In this chapter we describe the current knowledge of a selection of collision processes and chemical reactions of importance to planetary aeronomy. Emphasis is placed on critical evaluation of what we know and what we wish we knew about fundamental processes required for interpretation, explanation, and modeling of atmospheric observations. 相似文献
55.
The polar regions have often been suggested as surrogates for the exploration and colonization of space. In particular, Antarctica's greater isolation makes it a useful analogue. Its features—abiotic, acultural, alien to human habitation—all echo the regions of interest to contemporary exploration, notably the solar system and the deep oceans. But more than a century of Antarctic experience also suggests that exploration will likely resemble the Renaissance's Great Voyages and their outposts rather than become portals for wholesale colonization. These sites will traffic mostly in information—the spices and luxury goods of interest to their sustaining societies. 相似文献
56.
Ruhai Wang Stephen Horan Bingxin Tian Sreelakshmi Bonasu 《IEEE transactions on aerospace and electronic systems》2006,42(4):1311-1322
The acknowledgement (ACK) strategy of transmission control protocol (TCP) has been modified to delay the ACKs for a configurable period of time that is related to the round-trip time (RTT) to improve its performance in asymmetric links such as space communications. A general relationship between the asymmetric channel ratio and the optimal ACK frequency to achieve maximum throughput is not available. This paper studies the optimal ACK frequency with respect to the channel RTT to achieve the maximum throughput over various asymmetric, geo-stationary earth orbit (GEO)-satellite links using a test-bed. It is found that when the asymmetric channel ratio is as high as about 100/1, the optimal ACK frequency must be increased with an increase in asymmetric ratio to complement the impact of the reduction of ACK channel rate. As a rule of thumb, every two-fold increase in asymmetric ratio requires the optimal ACK frequency to be increased by one ACK per RTT. A regression model was built to reflect the relationship between the optimal ACK frequency and the asymmetric channel ratio and has been validated 相似文献
57.
The New Horizons Spacecraft 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Glen H. Fountain David Y. Kusnierkiewicz Christopher B. Hersman Timothy S. Herder Thomas B. Coughlin William C. Gibson Deborah A. Clancy Christopher C. DeBoy T. Adrian Hill James D. Kinnison Douglas S. Mehoke Geffrey K. Ottman Gabe D. Rogers S. Alan Stern James M. Stratton Steven R. Vernon Stephen P. Williams 《Space Science Reviews》2008,140(1-4):23-47
The New Horizons spacecraft was launched on 19 January 2006. The spacecraft was designed to provide a platform for seven instruments designated by the science team to collect and return data from Pluto in 2015. The design meets the requirements established by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Announcement of Opportunity AO-OSS-01. The design drew on heritage from previous missions developed at The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) and other missions such as Ulysses. The trajectory design imposed constraints on mass and structural strength to meet the high launch acceleration consistent with meeting the AO requirement of returning data prior to the year 2020. The spacecraft subsystems were designed to meet tight resource allocations (mass and power) yet provide the necessary control and data handling finesse to support data collection and return when the one-way light time during the Pluto fly-by is 4.5 hours. Missions to the outer regions of the solar system (where the solar irradiance is 1/1000 of the level near the Earth) require a radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) to supply electrical power. One RTG was available for use by New Horizons. To accommodate this constraint, the spacecraft electronics were designed to operate on approximately 200 W. The travel time to Pluto put additional demands on system reliability. Only after a flight time of approximately 10 years would the desired data be collected and returned to Earth. This represents the longest flight duration prior to the return of primary science data for any mission by NASA. The spacecraft system architecture provides sufficient redundancy to meet this requirement with a probability of mission success of greater than 0.85. The spacecraft is now on its way to Pluto, with an arrival date of 14 July 2015. Initial in-flight tests have verified that the spacecraft will meet the design requirements. 相似文献
58.
The quadratic performance criterion, linear optimal control problem is reformulated to incorporate constraints on trajectory sensitivity. The open-loop solution is obtained for sensitivity functions defined for small plant-parameter variations. This approach has provided a beginning for other attempts to solve the low-sensitivity analytical design problem, as reported in the references. 相似文献
59.
Andrew J. Ball Stephan Ulamec Bernd Dachwald Michael E. Price Riccardo Nadalini Benjamin Luethi Stephen D. Wolters Simon Sheridan Simon F. Green John C. Zarnecki Paolo D’Arrigo Karsten Seiferlin Günter Kargl Nils Goerke 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2009
We present a concept for a challenging in situ science mission to a primitive, binary near-Earth asteroid. A sub-400-kg spacecraft would use solar electric propulsion to rendezvous with the C-class binary asteroid (175706) 1996 FG3. A campaign of remote observations of both worlds would be followed by landing on the ∼1 km diameter primary to perform in situ measurements. The total available payload mass would be around 34 kg, allowing a wide range of measurement objectives to be addressed. This mission arose during 2004 from the activities of the ad-hoc Small Bodies Group of the DLR-led Planetary Lander Initiative. Although the particular mission scenario proposed here was not studied further per se, the experience was carried over to subsequent European asteroid mission studies, including first LEONARD and now the Marco Polo near-Earth asteroid sample return proposal for ESA’s Cosmic Vision programme. This paper may thus be of interest as much for insight into the life cycle of mission proposals as for the concept itself. 相似文献
60.
The Pluto Energetic Particle Spectrometer Science Investigation (PEPSSI) on the New Horizons Mission
Ralph L. McNutt Jr. Stefano A. Livi Reid S. Gurnee Matthew E. Hill Kim A. Cooper G. Bruce Andrews Edwin P. Keath Stamatios M. Krimigis Donald G. Mitchell Barry Tossman Fran Bagenal John D. Boldt Walter Bradley William S. Devereux George C. Ho Stephen E. Jaskulek Thomas W. LeFevere Horace Malcom Geoffrey A. Marcus John R. Hayes G. Ty Moore Nikolaos P. Paschalidis Mark E. Perry Bruce D. Williams Paul Wilson IV Lawrence E. Brown Martha B. Kusterer Jon D. Vandegriff 《Space Science Reviews》2009,145(3-4):381-381